The Math Behind Randomness: From Collisions to Games
Randomness is not mere chance—it is a structured phenomenon governed by precise mathematical laws. At its core, randomness reflects unpredictability quantified by entropy, a measure that captures the uncertainty inherent in a process. The cryptographic hash function SHA-256 exemplifies this, producing 256-bit outputs with 2²⁵⁶ possible values, ensuring near-uniform distribution and near-perfect unpredictability. Shannon entropy, …
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